English Grammar and Vocabulary Notes

📘 English Grammar & Vocabulary
English Grammar

1️⃣ Tenses (કાલ)

અંગ્રેજીમાં કુલ 12 કાળ હોય છે: Present, Past, Future × (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous).

Example:
Present Simple → I play cricket.
Past Simple → I played cricket.
Future Simple → I will play cricket.
💡 Trick: Tense ઓળખવા માટે Verb ની form (V1, V2, V3) ધ્યાનમાં રાખો.

2️⃣ Voice (Active & Passive)

Active Voice માં subject action કરે છે, Passive Voice માં subject પર action થાય છે.

Example:
Active → Ram eats mango.
Passive → Mango is eaten by Ram.
💡 Trick: Passive voice માટે 'to be' form + past participle (V3) ઉપયોગ કરો.

3️⃣ Narration (Direct & Indirect Speech)

Direct Speech = બોલેલા શબ્દ 그대로. Indirect Speech = Reported form.

Example:
Direct: He said, “I am tired.”
Indirect: He said that he was tired.
💡 Trick: Direct → Indirect કરતી વખતે tense 1 step back કરો (Present → Past).

4️⃣ Modal Verbs

Modals સહાયક verbs છે જે Ability, Permission, Obligation બતાવે છે — can, could, may, must વગેરે.

Example: You must study for the exam. (Obligation)

5️⃣ Prepositions (સંબંધી શબ્દો)

Prepositions સ્થાન, સમય અથવા દિશા બતાવે છે — in, on, at, from, to, by, between વગેરે.

Example: He is at school. / The book is on the table.

6️⃣ Conjunctions (જોડણી શબ્દો)

Conjunctions શબ્દો કે વાક્યો જોડે છે — and, but, or, because, although.

Example: I am poor but honest.

7️⃣ Vocabulary Boosters (શબ્દભંડાર)

Daily-use & exam words:

  • Accurate = ચોક્કસ
  • Brave = બહાદુર
  • Honest = ઈમાનદાર
  • Rare = દુર્લભ

8️⃣ Common Errors

Common grammar mistakes જેને students વારંવાર કરે છે:

  • ❌ He do work. ✅ He does work.
  • ❌ I am agree. ✅ I agree.
  • ❌ She is more better. ✅ She is better.

9️⃣ Spoken English Tips

💬 રોજ 5 નવા English વાક્ય બોલવાની કોશિશ કરો.
🎧 English movie/songs સાંભળો.
📒 New words નોટબુકમાં લખો અને રોજ પુનરાવર્તન કરો.

🔟 Practice Section

Q1. Choose the correct sentence.

A) He go to school.
B) He goes to school.
✅ Answer: (B) — “He” સાથે verb + s/es.

Q2. Change to Passive Voice: “They clean the room.”

✅ Answer: The room is cleaned by them.

Q3. Find error: “She is more better than me.”

✅ Answer: Remove “more” → “She is better than me.”